Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is used to separate DNA or RNA molecules by size. Since DNA and RNA have negatively charge, when they go through an agarose matrix with an electric field, they will move from cathode to anode. The shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer molecules; therefore the different sizes molecules can be separate. The most important factor which affects the migration is the length of the DNA molecules. A restriction enzyme, is an enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA following its specific recognition of short nucleotide sequences, is used to cut the DNA into small fragments. The unique recognition sequences are usually tetra- or hexanucleotide palindromes with axes of dyad symmetry. Which means the sequence on one strand reads the same in the reverse direction on the complementary strand, e.g. GTATAC and its complementary strand CATATG. Recognition sequences in DNA differ for each restriction enzyme, producing differences in the length, sequence and strand orientation of the DNA fragments. Plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule, which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. It is circular and double stranded. Plasmid is usually found in bacteria. The size of plasmid is between 1 to 200 kilobase pairs. In this experiment, a specific recombinant plasmid pBR325 was analyzed, and hence a restriction map would be constructed. METHOD As described in the practical manual RESULTS From the photograph, four unknown plasmid fragments migrated distance could be measured and hence the four fragments size could be found: In lane 2: migrated distance of the fragment was 36.5mm, therefore 11.00 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 3: migrated distance of the near fragment was 42.5mm, therefore 7.08 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 66mm, therefore 3.98 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 4: migrated distance of the near fragment was 40.75mm, therefore 7.94 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 73mm, therefore 2.82 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 5: migrated distance of the near fragment was 50mm, therefore 6.31 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 53mm, therefore 5.62 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; The 4 unknown plasmid size and migrated distance were showed in following table: The size of the plasmid could be found, which was about 11 kilobase. Since the plasmid was only cut by EcoRI + BamHI in about 4:8 ratio of the plasmid, therefore the restriction map for EcoRI + BamHI could be construted: DISCUSSION The nucleic acids migrated from cathode to anode since it had negatively charge. The cutting ratio of three enzymes could be found by the size of fragment as result showed. The last lane, which was the uncut plasmid, was loaded, in order to compare with the EcoRI enzyme cut fragment. The migrated distance of this uncut plasmid was large than EcoRI cuts migrated distance, which could be measured from graph. EcoRI cuts fragment was like uncoiled elastic. It encounters more resistance migrating through a gel because it is spread out and will be in direct contact with more of the gel matrix. Uncut plasmid was tightly coiled, like a balled up elastic. While the molecule may be the same size, the coiling compresses it, allowing it to encounter less resistance when migrating through the gel. This indicated the minimum base pairs of the plasmid. If a hybrid recombinant plasmid was constructed from pBR325 by the insertion of a fragment of DNA at the BamHI restriction site, firstly the total size of the plasmid got bigger. To determine the size of the inserted fragment, EcoRI and PstI were used to cut the plasmid, and result was compared with original plasmids fragment to get the size of the inserted fragment. There was no additional band visible behind the main uncut plasmid band in lane 7. If there ware, they must be the chromosomal DNA bands, the absent of these in lane 2, 3, 4 and 5 was because they were too small, might not be seen, or ran off the gel. The fluorescent bands of the DNA restriction fragments in lane 2, 3, 4, and 5 were several fold brighter than the uncut plasmid band in lane 7. It was because that the DNA fragment are free at both ends and can uncoil and pick up as much EtBr as it fits, whereas the uncut plasmid could not uncoil more than a certain amount without the phosphate chain breaking: for every incorporated molecule of EtBr it had an area of local under-coiling that had to be compensated by another area of over-coiling, this area would not incorportate any EtBr. So the number of EtBr molecules it could pick up was limited because of sterical considerations. Therefore the DNA fragment had less sterical restrictions, stained more than the uncut plasmid.

Consumer Behaviour in the Unisex Shoe Store Category :: Marketing, argumentative, persuasive

This report analyzes the role personal, social, and situational factors in consumer behaviour in the unisex shoe store category. Observations were made at three different shoe retailers including Town Shoes, Payless Shoe Source, and The Shoe Company. These three stores offer very diverse retail environments targeted towards different demographics of people. This report also found that the retail setting, such as music, light, and organization, had an effect on the actions of the consumers in the store. The time of day also had an effect on consumer’s purchasing behaviour. Environmental analysis Town Shoes: The store had bright lights and loud pop culture music without lyrics which attracted a younger demographic of customers. There were â€Å"Buy one get one half off† signs displayed all around the store, which encourages consumers to buy more than one pair of shoes. The shoes are displayed without any form of organization; brand name shoes are mixed in with non-brand low quality ones, all stocked in piles on the floor. There are no specific try-on areas for shoppers to try on their shoes and the sales people were mostly unavailable to answer questions because of the high turnover rate of customers entering and exiting the store. The sale racks that post 50% have mixed shoes of different color, style, and size. Most of the shoes are for the current season (i.e. sandals, pumps) and the majorities are female sandals and heels. Payless: The sale discount signs and cheap price of shoes is the big attention grabber for this store. The medium lighting with soft background music provides consumers a relaxing environment to shop. The shoes are displayed in a warehouse style according to size and gender and accessories. There are also medium quality bags and accessories located near the cashier that satisfies consumer’s desire to take part in the summer fashion. The store layout implies that there is no other inventory since all the shoes are out on display. Most of the shoes only targets the current season. There are limited numbers of try-on areas at the end of the aisles near the back of the store, encouraging shoppers to test out shoes. The employees do not seem to approach customers to help them, but are available for questions. The Shoe Company: The recognizable designer shoes are on the display to attract consumers who seek for quality shoes or the desire to identify themselves as having a higher social status.

Final Exam Critical Thinking Essay

Our newest product Wet Wonders lip gloss, has not been performing very well. Creative Cosmetics needs to come up with different ways to market our lip gloss in order to boost sales. The projected sales for Wet Wonders lip gloss have slumped and we are in danger of having to scrap this product and its promotional campaign. During product development, our initial testing proved that Wet Wonders can be successful based off the positive feedback we received. In order to boost sales, Creative Cosmetics needs to analyze the role of advertising in society, why it’s so important and how to effectively use it. Without advertising consumers would not be told what to buy. Advertising is the reason our homes are filled with so many items, why we drive the cars we do and why we wear the clothes we wear. There have been many studies on the increase of advertisements over the years. â€Å"In 1915, a person could go entire weeks without observing an ad. The average adult today sees some three thousand every day† (Twitchell 203). Advertising also fuels the need to shop which in turn stimulates the economy. Economist can track consumer spending every quarter allowing them to gauge how well the economy is doing. Due to budget constraints, Creative Cosmetics chose to only sell Wet Wonders through ads on the radio. Using only radio ads to market our product, has not proven to be very effective. While radio allows you to tell a story and take the listener’s mind on a journey, it is not the most effective means of marketing a lip gloss. The radio paints a broad stroke, meaning it is heard by many different people. There are specific times when we could have our ads running that could pinpoint a certain group of people, although it’s not necessarily guaranteed. Another downside to radio ads is they don’t have the ability to allow the consumer to see what they are missing. It’s not enough to say we have a wonderful product. We want to make the consumer feel that their lives would be so much better with our lip gloss and if they don’t buy it then they are missing out on something great. In other words, we have to convince them that they need our lip gloss in order to make their lives as exciting as the woman wearing it. Television could do that most effectively. Television commercials would give us the visual component we need. Our ads could really drive home the message that Wet Wonders lip gloss can change your whole look in instant. We want women to feel as though they can go from drab to fab with just one swipe of our lip gloss. Television would give us the ability to make women as though they would feel, sexy, confident and desirable when they wear our lip gloss. We could run our commercials during peak times that women are watching television such as the morning and afternoons. While there are a lot of women working outside the home, there are still a good number of women that stay at home to raise families. An ideal time to run our commercials would be during talk and game shows as well as soap operas. Another idea would be to use a famous person or celebrity in our advertising. People like to feel as though they trust the person they are buying something from and even though they may not personally know the celebrity they trust them. Since we know our product would be best suited being marketed on a visual platform, we should also consider magazine ads. Magazines would be a perfect way to market our Wet Wonders lip gloss. With magazine ads we could saturate the market with our product and message. There are teen magazines, young adult beauty magazines, and magazines for the more mature woman. Every one of these genres have women that are sexy, confident, and desirable. This is exactly the woman we want to market to. Magazines have the ability to make consumers visualize themselves as that sexy, vibrant woman that wears Wet Wonders lip gloss just by looking at a picture.

Classroom Reflection - 1256 Words

My experience was informational. I was able to see how my students are inside the classroom environment with my teacher how they are in art. I was also able to observe another classroom and see how they differ from my class. All of these are completely different spaces where the children act differently. Comparing these different environments provided a unique insight into how these children act differently depending on who is around. Having been with these children a lot now, I have the ability to interact with them and get to know them individually. This helps in my classroom assessments because I am able to differentiate between how children normally behave and what the normal classroom routine is like. When the children were in my†¦show more content†¦One thing that I don’t like about my class, though, is that there are no rules posted. I know in the other class, there are rules posted so when a child goes against the rules, they can refer back to the list. Since we don’t have a list of rules, there is no consequences for misbehavior. There has been a lot of issues with children touching others, like hitting or poking. We do have meetings about it but there are no consequences for the children so there is no way for them to learn. In my class, I will definitely have a set of rules that we as a class come up with together on the first day. I will make sure this list consists of the positive side instead of the negative side and have limits so children know what will happen if they break the rules. Another takeaway I got was how important it is to have lessons based on their real life. In our social studies, we have lessons about places and objects that they see in their everyday lives. We learn about the islands we are visiting so that we can apply this information when we visit. This makes it more interesting for the children because it isn’t just arbitrary information. 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Additionally within the hour I was observing, there were many sophomoreRead MoreReflection On Classroom Management1181 Words   |  5 PagesThis assignment asks for â€Å"one particular memorable classroom or school situation when you were a student that if you had been the teacher, you would have handled differently. As the teacher in that setting, how would you have brought resolution to the conflict?† I decided to approach this assignment with some liberties of a self-reflection of my own personal classroom management as a substitute teacher this previous Tuesday, October 31, 20 17, in singular 9th grade Algebra class in which authorityRead MoreA Reflection On Classroom Management1704 Words   |  7 Pagesmale students and 36% female students. No inclusion students or aides were present in these classes. I. Classroom Management Classroom management is defined as the â€Å"techniques used to maintain a healthy living environment, relatively free of behavior problems† (Woolfolk). Classroom management is a combination of four areas: seatwork, organization, withitness and assignments. Seatwork in classroom management involves making sure that the work given to students will keep them interested and on taskRead MoreClassroom Reflection1144 Words   |  5 Pagescame in and immediately stated that â€Å"Science is not about beliefs, but about accepting the theories and laws that have supporting evidence.† She waited a few moments, and once again, repeated the same phrase; when she finished, she said â€Å"In this classroom, we will not question anyone’s faith or beliefs; we will, however, will focus on gathering evidence and understanding the underlying principles of the theory of evolution.† Throughout the semester, as I encountered ideas that were inconsistent andRead MoreClassroom R eflection1500 Words   |  6 Pagesas to how to become a better educator in a classroom setting. 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Essay about The Nullification Crisis - 1585 Words

February 22, 2013 The Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis was a revolt by the citizens against Andrew Jackson and the Union, whereby they sought liberty and the state of being free, including various social, political, and economic privileges. This attempt to revolt against Jackson failed, and their seceding from the country was not granted. In these efforts to secede, they sought liberty and worked together as a state to gain what they believed to be free and include various privileges they rightfully have. The Nullification Crisis displayed the attempt of the citizen’s to achieve the securing of the blessings of liberty, yet the citizen’s attempt failed. In 1819, Andrew Jackson was elected as President of the United States.†¦show more content†¦He pleaded Henry Clay, an old friend, to draft a solution with him. Clay developed a compromise proposal, which lowered the high tariffs by ten percent over eight years. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 barely passed through Congress, but it significantly changed the tariff. These new rates were not nearly as low as the Southerners had hoped they would be, but it was a better compromise than the Force Bill had offered. South Carolina’s legislature voted to recede their efforts to nullify the tariff acts, but they did attempt to nullify the Force Bill. Even though their nullification of the Force Bill was insignificant, it allowed South Carolina to feel slightly victorious. Therefore, it is apparent that it is the citiz en’s job to secure the blessings of liberty. The citizen’s began to take action to secure their blessings of liberty prior to the Nullification Crisis, when they attempted to pass the Tariff of 1828 through Congress in hopes to aid Jackson’s re-election. Due to Jackson’s popularity, he was re-elected even without the help of the tariff. Yet the tariff was passed in 1828, and the citizen’s made a firm effort to nullify the tariff as soon as it was enacted. They believed they had the right to nullify the tariff, which sought their own privileges in liberty. The citizens further pushed for the nullification by trying to pass this though South Carolina’s legislature, but another group of citizens seeking to secure theirShow MoreRelatedThe Nullifying Crisis : The Causes Of The Nullification Crisis1552 Words   |  7 Pages The Nullification Crisis of 1832 is one of the crises that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Following the suffering o f an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, the United States government passed several new tariffs. When the Tariff of 1828 was passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, it sparked the debate over states’ rights and highlighted the growing sectional difference between the South and the North in America. 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Calhoun, refused to recognize the protective tarif fs in 1828, and 1832, saying that they benefited the North and injured the South. At this point in time, the American system of government was fairly new and the struggle between state and federal power was in full swing. Towards the end of the crisis, CalhounRead MoreWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy1238 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. ProtectiveRead MoreWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy990 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved th at if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. ProtectiveRead MoreEssay on state nullification1569 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of a State’s Right to Nullification nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Impact of a State’s Right to Nullification nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The impact of a state’s right to nullification can ultimately cause a great deal of damage to the country that it resides in. To describe the impacts one would need to take a look back into history when the Nullification Crisis took place. South CarolinaRead MoreThe Tariff Laws782 Words   |  3 Pagesincluding Calhoun, the vice president and a politician from South Carolina. Later he wrote a nullification doctrine to express his opinions on the tariff. The nullification crisis greatly affected the growth of states’ rights over federal power. Because of the nullification crisis in South Carolina there were even thoughts of secession in the early 1830’s. â€Å"The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that arose when the state of South Carolina attemptedRead MoreThe Era Of The Middle Class882 Words   |  4 Pagesthe people and not wealthy elites. He felt it was better for the country on bring in new fresh faces. Giving out political jobs as rewards became known as the â€Å"spoils system.† Another political reform on the table Jackson had to fix was the Nullification crisis. Jacksonian supporter’s main goal was to ruin John Quincy Adams presidency. They were still angered at his victory over Andrew Jackson in the 1828 election. The plan was to push a bill through Congress that would impose taxes on solely manufacturedRead More Andrew Jackson : True American Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesprides itself upon today. His Presidency was plagued with controversy, but President Jackson used his power as President to unite a sometimes-divided nation and establish a precedent of power for future American leaders. States rights, the nullification crisis, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies were all controversies which brought forth strong rivalry and resentment throughout his years as president, but Jackson’s strong will and assertiveness got our country through these timesRead MoreThe Era Of The Common Man1011 Words   |  5 Pagessomething Ja ckson liked to approve of nor let happen at all. The Nullification Crisis with John C. Calhoun shows how opposed Jackson is to reforms. In 1828, Calhoun created the nullification doctrine that held the idea that states should have the rights to nullify unconstitutional laws. Calhoun wanted to use the doctrine to nullify the 1816 tariffs that he believed stagnated the South Carolina economy. In 1832, the nullification became a crisis when South Carolinians protested over a congressional bill

The Adopted Codes of Conduct for Psychological Research Essay

The Adopted Codes of Conduct for Psychological Research There is a belief among psychologists that by carrying out an experiment we should be lead to understand ourselves better and to the enhancement of the human condition and promotion of human welfare. This can only be completed if the experiment is ethically right to all parties involved. Ethics in an experimental situation deals with the idea of morality, what would be considered morally right behaviour in sight of a†¦show more content†¦Confidentiality should be up held by researchers for their subjects at all times due to legislation requirements, if any data is published this should not be identifiable unless agree previously. When carrying out observation research psycholog ists must also follow the code of conduct by respecting the privacy of psychological well being of the individuals studied. Finally BPS guidelines require researchers to give full protection to their participants that they should not experience any physical or mental harm greater than what is experienced in everyday life. In order to keep to the last requirement giving full protection psychologists follow the code of not experimenting on minors which include any children under the age of 16. As the law of the BPS has only just been passed in 1985 there have been many previous studies carried out by psychologist which have made many break troughs in human behaviour, although there have also been some ethical problems toward subjects as the BPS laws had not been followed. One psychologist named Zimbardo carried put an experiment where the right to with drawl seemed almost impossible to subjects. There mental state had been confused they had really taken on the roles of prisoner and guard and so did not want to leave, also they could not cope outside the prison it took over their lives. In this experiment there was no informedShow MoreRelatedEvaluation For Medical Treatment For Transgender People836 Words   |  4 Pagespsychotherapy, not many therapists are finding themselves in the role of assessor for medically necessary gender realignment procedures (Budge, 2015). There is a guideline for medical treatment for transgender population and that the document has been wi dely adopted by major medical insurance companies in the United States (e.g., Atena, BlueCrossBrueShield, Cigna, and UnitedHealthcare) if such procedures are covered in the individual plan. Due to more transgender people seeking psychotherapy, it is importantRead MoreEthical Consideration For Human Subjects1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinto place to ensure researchers were conducting experiments safety, ethically, and fairly. Out of all the experiments that took place within this time frame, a few stand out. These cases were groundbreaking for ethical treatment within the scope of research done on human subjects. The turning point for ethical consideration for human subjects came in 1947. After the horrific medical experiments doctors did to prisoners in Concentration Camps in World War II, ethical guidelines were put into place toRead MorePsychology in Mass Media Audience2469 Words   |  10 Pages(Koocher, 1993). The difference between fact and speculation often becomes unclear. What do psychologists say is an opinion often given attribute as a consensus in these disciplines. Broad learning to the audience about the concept of psychology, research findings and sources of mental health, if done well, it will get the benefits to society as the profession. In the United States, there has been a long tradition of psychologists appearing in the media in a variety of guises—pundits offering insightRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment And Its Effects On Social Psychology1003 Words   |  5 Pagesconformity. His experiment on prison life showed how fast a person could dissolve their own identity to fit into the social roles that are expected of them. The results and outcomes of this experiment are still important in modern day psychology. To conduct the Stanford Prison Experiment, the psychologist constructed a mock prison facility in the basement of Stanford University. The mock correctional facility included three six by nine prison cells, which each held three prisoners and three cots. TheRead MoreThe Tuskegee Study Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Milgram study on obedience and the Zimbardo Prison Experiment. 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In a research article by Ager, Stark, Akesson Boothby (2010), the authors attempted to identify best practices used by practitioners in the care and protection of children in crisis. The determinationRead MoreThe Impact Of Employee Motivation And Performance During Mergers And Acquisitions1437 Words   |  6 PagesThis research will be carried out by examining the situation in a detached manner. This is not an easy task. Values as well as personal views could definitely influence the hypothesis. The nature of the research question could create hidden bias is in terms of preferences or believes which could skew the results, often unconsciously, to the intended result. From the design of the question, development of the sampling strategy and prioritizing of the correlations within the results data set couldRead More5 Mhr Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesnat amp; intl changes, Managing change amp; managing HR in tough timesSp with appropriate refs. 1/3 to  ½ describing. Remainder ana lytical/academic | 2. Briefly describe the major features you would expect to find in an HR function which has adopted the Ulrich Model as the basis for its structure. Explain the thinking behind this approach to the organisation of an HR function. In what types of organisation do you think it works best and why? | AC 2.1, 2.2 | Candidates will demonstrate understandingRead MoreJust War Theory2093 Words   |  8 PagesTaslaman and F. Taslaman). The United Nations adopted the concept of Just War, and centered it in the United Nations Charter in 1945 (Moore, 2012). The term Jus ad bellum is a normative principle that stems from the Just War Theory. The idea is that it â€Å"permits force against aggression† (Moore, 2012). Jus ad bellum is an important concept in the Just War Theory because it is a proscription against aggression. The Nuremberg Code The Nuremberg code was developed as a result of the appallingRead MorePros And Cons Of Cyberbullying1180 Words   |  5 PagesServices, 2017). While many states have now adopted laws to deal with this issue, those who oppose cyberbullying laws believe that bullies should be punished for the crimes where they intended to inflict harm such as crossing the line in regards to freedom of speech, invasion of privacy, or harassment. Although research has shown that while cyberbullying can lead to suicide, critics argue that suicide is too unpredictable an outcome and that the research has not proven that cyberbullying was the direct

Colgate Segmentation free essay sample

Concept of Working Capital Working capital refers to short-term funds, need to meet operating expenses. It refers to the funds; to finance its day-to-day operations. It is concerned with current assets and current liabilities. If a firm can’t maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it may become insolvent or bankrupt. Broadly there are 2 concepts of working capital, such as: 1. Gross Working Capital (Quantitative Concept) 2. Net working Capital (Qualitative Concept) Both these concepts of working capital have operational significance. The two concepts are not mutually exclusive. The ‘gross concept’ emphasizing the ‘use’ and the ‘net concept’ emphasizes the ‘source’. 1. Gross Working Capital The total current assets are termed as the gross working capital. It is also known as quantitative or circulating capital. It refers to firm’s investment in short term assets such as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses, inventories etc. Significance a. Optimum investment in current assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Colgate Segmentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page -: Inadequate working capital leads to insolvency and excessive will lead to less profitability. Financing of current assets. -: If funds arise it should be invested in short term securities, don’t keep it idle. 2. Net Working Capital The excess of current assets over current liabilities represents net working capital. It may be positive or negative. Net working capital indicates the liquidity of the business. Significance a. Maintaining Liquidity Position-: Current assets help in meeting financial obligations. Generally for every one rupee of current asset there should be one rupee of current liability. b. Extent of long term capital n financing current assets-: If there are Rs 100000 current assets and Rs 75000 current liabilities then NWC is Rs 25000, and it supposed to be financed from long term funds. Efficient management of working capital involves control over the current assets and current liabilities, which are the main components of working capital. 1. Components of current assets: Currents assets are those, can be converted into cash within a year. It consists of cash, marketable securities, inventories, debtors, prepaid expenses. 2. Components of current Liabilities: Current liabilities are those to be paid in a year. It consists of creditors, short-term borrowings, taxes and proposed dividends.   To ensure optimum investment in current assets. †¢ To ensure adequate flow of funds for current operations. †¢ To speed up the flow of funds. †¢ Maintain liquidity and profitability. Maximize shareholders’ wealth possible only when there is sufficient return. †¢ Discharge day-to-day liabilities. †¢ Protect the business from adverse effects in emergencies. †¢ Determines the relevant levels of current assets and their efficient use. To sustain sales activity. Sales don’t convert into cash immediately. It needs time to collection of cash. For maximization profits or minimize working capital cost and maintain balance between liquidity and profitability, we need to maintain a balance in working capital. It should not be excessive or inadequate. Firm should manage adequate working capital to run its business †¢ Excessive working capital means idle funds which earns no profit. †¢ Inadequate working capital disturbs production and weakens the firm’s profitability. Danger of Excessive Working Capital †¢ It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories, which lead to mishandling like waste, theft and losses. †¢ It is indication of defective credit policy and slack collection period. This leads to higher bad debts that reduce profits. †¢ It makes managerial inefficiency. †¢ Accumulation inventories tend to make speculative profits grow. This type of speculation makes the firm to follow liberal dividend policy and difficult to cope up with in future when the firm is unable to make speculative profits. Danger of Inadequate Working Capital: It declines growth because it’s difficult to undertake profitable projects for non-availability of working capital. †¢ Difficult to implement operating plans and achieve firm’s target. †¢ Difficult to meet day-to-day commitments. †¢ Inefficient utilization of fixed assets. †¢ The firm unable to avail attractive credit opportunities. †¢ Firm loses its reputation. The continuing flow from cash: to suppliers: to inventory: to accounts receivables and back into cash is operating cycle. 1. Operating cycle for manufacturing firm: ` Stock of raw material is held in order to ensure smooth production. Similarly stock of finished goods has to be carried out to meet the demand. 2. Operating Cycle of a Non-manufacturing Firm Non-manufacturing firms are wholesalers, retailers, service firms. They will have the direct conversion of cash into finished goods and into cash.